Overcoming housing barriers for sex offenders

Original Article

04/02/2013

By Robert Carter

Sex offenders remain some of the most difficult to place in the labor market

Release into the community from a correctional setting is a daily struggle, even when you have only been incarcerated for a short period. Many of the responsibilities and basic needs that were met while in the community are often much harder to gain back with a criminal background.

Policies regarding employment and housing of ex-convicts vary from state to state. There are varying perceptions in the philosophy of continued punishment, or allowing for those barriers to be overcome.

In addressing the constant and growing problem of the parolee population in terms of employment and housing, sex offenders remain some of the most difficult to place in the labor market. Finding appropriate and suitable housing in terms of their parole stipulations and landlord’s willingness to rent to current and prior felons remain some of the key issues.

Meeting parole requirements and other issues

Sex offenders often have additional parole stipulations, which make it even more difficult for them to find stable housing. Even if stable housing is found, it’s most likely found in a dangerous or crime-infested neighborhood, decreasing their chances for success in the community. Housing for sex offenders should be utilized through Prisoner Re-entry programs; the community as a whole needs to work with these organizations.

Typically, private landlords and transitional housing programs can alleviate the pressure on sex offenders in finding more stable housing. Also, working with parole agents who supervise these sex offenders can help establish an acceptable or felony-friendly housing list, which should be maintained by the parole agent, the landlords, or the non-profit organizations who provide the housing services.

Addressing parole stipulations is also important in understanding what barriers exist in sex offenders search for suitable housing. Typically, sex offenders are required to register at their local police and/or sheriff’s department quarterly and to register any new addresses, cars, places of employment, email addresses, and phone numbers.

This population also can only reside within a certain amount of feet from a school or playground. What I have seen is a sex offender must not reside with 1,000 – 2,000 feet of any school or playground.

Parole agents are the ones responsible for the housing placement of sex offenders and if proper housing is not located, they must remain in jail as is it against the law for them not to have an address. Homeless shelters now have been the main focus in the media due to varying concerns that sex offenders are staying their temporarily.
- This is not the case for many states and keeping them in jail beyond their sentence is wrong!  Just because politicians pass insane laws that make it almost impossible for an ex-sex offender to find a place to live or work, doesn't mean you can just keep them locked up, or it should mean that.

Some of these homeless shelters are within the 1,000 – 2,000 foot range of schools and parks set forth by most parole conditions amongst the sex offender population, however some judges have managed to set forth precedence allowing them to stay at the shelters.

A final issue with the residing within a school zone or park rule is that some schools or parks may even be closed, thus creating a need for exceptions to the rule to be made. If schools and parks are closed and there is no activity in the area from minors or families, why should this prevent them from residing within that area?

Working together to find solutions

It’s apparent after reading this article that the community as a whole needs to work together to provide housing resources to sex offenders re-entering the community.

Non-profit organizations, parole agents, private landlords, and church organizations are examples of community members that can help alleviate the pressures of those entering the community seeking stable and affordable housing.

Prisoner Re-entry programs in general need to address this concern regarding sex offenders as this will become a growing problem, especially since most of them will be released in the near future after serving a long sentence.

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Preventing Sex-Offender Recidivism Through Therapeutic Jurisprudence Approaches and Specialized Community Integration

Original Article

Heather Cucolo
New York Law School

Michael L. Perlin
New York Law School

2012

Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review, Fall 2012
NYLS Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12/13 #33

Abstract:
(View the PDF) The public’s panic about the fear of recidivism if adjudicated sex offenders are ever to be released to the community has not subsided, despite the growing amount of information and statistically-reliable data signifying a generally low risk of re-offense. The established case law upholding sex offender civil commitment and containment statutes has rejected challenges of unconstitutionality, and continues to be dominated by punitive undertones. We have come to learn that the tools used to assess offenders for risk and civil commitment are often inaccurate and that meaningful treatment for this population is often unavailable and ineffective. Yet, society continues to clamor for legislation confining this cohort of offenders for “treatment,” and, ostensibly, protection of the community, and legislatures respond quickly to these calls. This “reform legislation” often includes strict and demeaning post-release restrictions that track offenders and curb their integration into society. These “reforms” continue to show no benefit either to the public or to the individual offender. The absence of meaningful and effective treatment during confinement, combined with inhumane conditions upon release, make it far less likely that this cohort of individuals will ever become productive members of society. Only through therapeutic jurisprudence, a focus on rehabilitation, and a dedication to treating sexual offenders humanely, will it be possible to reduce recidivism and foster successful community reintegration.

This article takes a new approach to these issues. It examines sex offender laws, past and present, looks at this area of sex offender commitment and containment through a therapeutic jurisprudence lens, and suggests basic policy changes that would optimally and constitutionally minimize re-offense rates, while upholding and protecting human rights of all citizens. It highlights the failure of community containment laws and ordinances by focusing on (1) the myths/perceptions that have arisen about sex offenders, and how society incorporates those myths into legislation, (2) the lack of rehabilitation offered to incarcerated or civilly-committed offenders, resulting in inadequate re-entry preparation, (3) the anti-therapeutic and inhumane effect of the laws and ordinances created to restrict sex offenders in the community, and (4) the reluctance and resistance of courts to incorporate therapeutic jurisprudence in seeking to remediate this set of circumstances. It concludes by offering some modest suggestions, based on the adoption of a therapeutic jurisprudence model of analysis.

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National Resource Reentry Center: Service Directories

Photo: eAdvocate - Click the image to visit the site

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MI - Trying to smooth reentry for ex-offenders

Original Article

05/21/2010

KALAMAZOO – More and more prisoners are being released onto West Michigan streets.

Each month, 20 to 30 prisoners return to Kalamazoo County, and as Michigan makes a clear effort to shut down prisons to save money that means everyone from sex offenders to petty thieves will be on the streets again.

Community leaders are looking to make sure those released don't revert back to their lives of crime. It is an issue that effects every community and on Friday, a forum hosted by Kalamazoo County's Prisoner Reentry Initiative made it clear that public safety is more than just a corrections issue.

That forum took place at KVCC's Arcadia Campus on Friday.

“The police department and parole office, they can't keep us safe alone,” said Rev. Milton Wells of the Mich. Prisoner Reentry Initiative (Contact).

“You've already had about 15,000 people coming back to the community from our prisons every year,” said Carl Williams of the Michigan Department of Corrections, “so they're already here.”

It was clear many who attending the forum want former prisoners to make it on the outside, including Alice Taylor.

“They paid their debt to society, I think they deserve an opportunity,” said Taylor.

However, there are those who may not agree and push back against reintegrating, especially if it means transitional housing for violent and sexual offenders, but Taylor says we have to trust the system.

“I believe there are laws in place to protect citizens and make sure everybody fits back in,” said Taylor.

Recent high-profile incidents have highlighted the failures of ex-offenders trying to reintegrate, including a homeless sex offender who froze to death after being turned away from shelters that were too close to schools.

“No one in America should have to freeze to death,” said Rev. Wells.

In Grand Rapids a parolee recently struggled with a police officer, ran and pulled a gun. The officer was forced to shoot and kill the man.

Friday's panel acknowledged that incidents will happen, and communities will resist efforts at reintegration, but say they hope to change minds.

“My biggest job is I'm one of the people that tries to get out and educate the community first,” said Williams, “because when you really explain the reentry initiative to people, it makes sense.”

The Michigan Prisoner Reentry Initiative says nearly 50 percent of prisoners will go back to prison in two years, at a cost of $112 million, so making reentry smooth will save money.

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MD - Wary of predators -- and politicians

Original Article

Discrimination based on a label? Doesn't this man investigate the criminal histories of those who come to him begging for help, due to the draconian laws? Apparently not, so he is basing everything simply on a label, and the hype spread by the misleading media and politicians.

02/28/2010

By Dan Rodricks

Since June 2005, I have had some kind of contact -- telephone conversation, face-to-face meeting, e-mail exchange, letter exchange -- with about 5,000 convicted criminals or their relatives, counselors and friends. (The number might be closer to 6,000, but I stopped keeping count a couple of years ago.)

Some of the contact has been substantive, providing material for this column on the challenges facing ex-offenders in the transition from prison to free society.

A lot of the contact has been perfunctory -- the ex-offenders give me their names and addresses, and I mail them a list of companies that might hire them or agencies that might help them. (Note to those who have contacted me in the last six weeks: We are updating the list and will get it to you as soon as possible.) In my years of trying to steer ex-offenders to re-entry programs or jobs, I have heard every kind of story, from the 20-something East Baltimore heroin dealer who wanted to "stop sellin' poison to my people" to the West Baltimore father who wanted to get his son off the street and into an apprenticeship program.

The men and women who called here had been convicted of all kinds of crimes: armed robbery, aggravated assault, forging checks, possession with intent to distribute heroin -- and mostly the latter. Tired of prison, they wanted to find work not prohibited by law. It's hard to say how many were earnest, but most certainly seemed to be when they first contacted me.

And I was willing to help them, to the extent that I could.

But I haven't been so willing to help sex offenders.

About a year into writing columns on this subject, I started getting calls for help from middle-aged men who had been convicted of various degrees of sexual crimes -- possession of child pornography, assault, child molestation -- and I had a bad reaction. You might call it the creeps.

I didn't want to help them, but more importantly, I didn't think I could. While some Maryland companies have given jobs to recovering alcoholics, drug addicts, former drug dealers and car thieves, it didn't seem likely they would hire someone on the state sex offender registry.

Plus, those companies, all admirable for their willingness to give second chances, didn't deserve sex offenders at their door. So I wasn't about to refer any of them. My initial interest in all this was in getting drug dealers off the streets of Baltimore, not in helping middle-aged rapists and perverts find jobs.

I just didn't want to be associated with second chances for sexual predators.
- Well, did you investigate them further and find out their real criminal history?  I bet not!  If you would, many on the registry do deserve a second chance, but you have also pointed out a major problem with the registry and laws. If someone is one the registry, even if it's a young kid who had consensual sex with their boy/girl friend, then if you do not investigate them, you are simply basing your decision on a label and nothing more.

I'm sure that would be the reaction of most people, even those of you who have expressed general sympathy for ex-offenders seeking employment. Most readers who've given an opinion about this agree that the United States needs more corrections in corrections, stronger re-entry planning and more opportunity for adults once released from our prisons.

But I doubt the majority feel that way about sexual offenders.

It's understandable. The nature of their crimes, especially those involving children, causes an acutely visceral reaction. Plus, public opinion has been stoked by grandstanding politicians for years. So we have online registries and community notification policies, in the name of public safety. We have federal laws on sexual offenders, too.

But beware, fellow citizens. This winter in Annapolis, we have dozens of new bills -- the count the other day was 75 and growing -- to toughen the many sexual offender laws that already exist. It's an election year, coming on the heels of the highly publicized kidnapping and murder of an 11-year-old girl, and filing a bill on sexual offenders is a tough-on-crime guarantee. The cry is, literally, "Do something!" And that, apparently, could mean anything: expand the online offender registry to include juveniles and anyone who committed crimes back in the 1980s and even the 1970s, eliminate good behavior credits for sex offenders in prison, and require lifetime monitoring of some offenders.

As I've admitted: I am neither sympathetic toward nor inclined to help sexual offenders. But we appear to be piling on, so that those who successfully change their thinking and their behavior might never get up and get going again. When so many politicians, including the governor, exploit an issue such as this, that's when I really get the creeps.

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"They who can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." - Benjamin Franklin

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How to 'Safely' Re-Introduce Sex Offenders into Our Communities

View the article here

Sex Offender Re-Entry: A Summary and Policy Recommendation on the Current State of the Law in California and How to 'Safely' Re-Introduce Sex Offenders into Our Communities

MAAREN ALIA CHOKSI
Stanford University - Criminal Justice Center January 27, 2006

Abstract:
This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the current and pending sex offender legislation in California, examine their effectiveness or ineffectiveness and any possible loopholes, and conclude with a broad recommendation on where the state of California's law and policies surrounding the safe release and supervision of sex offenders into the community should be heading. In doing so, the paper will rely on current statistics on sex offenders in California, policy recommendations by various organizations on this topic, media profiles and case histories of recent real-life sex crimes, and actual data from the California online sex offender registry to discover the profile of the "real" sex offender in California. This paper will also examine the roll of public outcry and moral panic in the implementation of these laws and the effect this may have had on their specific provisions and eventual effectiveness in order to provide a more comprehensive review of the impetus behind such regulations and hopefully to inform future legislation of the lessons of the past.

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CA - Controlling Sex Offender Reentry: Jessica's Law Measures in California

View the article here

Controlling Sex Offender Reentry: Jessica's Law Measures in California

JASON PECKENPAUGH
Stanford University - Criminal Justice Center January 27, 2006

Abstract:
This paper examines current research on the effectiveness of electronic monitoring and residential restrictions in preventing recidivism amongst sex offenders in California, as well as the experiences of other states that have experimented with these techniques. The paper focuses on four questions:

1. What are the trends in California sex offense data and other states with sizable sex offender populations? 
2. What does research and other state experiences tell us about the effectiveness of electronic monitoring in preventing recidivism and absconding of sex offenders?
3. What does research and other state experiences tell us about the effectiveness of residential restrictions in preventing recidivism of sex offenders?
4. In light of California's sex offender population, and CDCR's current methods for supervising paroled sex offenders, what challenges would CDCR and other state agencies likely face in implementing expanded electronic monitoring and residential restrictions?

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KY - Helping sex offenders get back on their feet

View the article here

Video available at the site. See this document which seems to go against what this reporter is saying.

09/09/2008

(WHAS11) - Some of your Louisville Metro tax dollars are being used to help just released sex offenders get back on their feet.

A WHAS11 News investigation has found that none of the grant money that’s going to the “next steps” program was supposed to be used to help sex offenders.
- See the link above, which seems to say otherwise.

Millions of dollars from the government is going towards helping sex offenders get back on their feet in Louisville but that money wasn’t supposed to go to them.

Georgetta Duncan came to this country from Bulgaria in 1989. Since then, she says she’s developed a soft spot for convicted felons who are just getting out of prison.

That’s why Duncan is renovating a building in west Louisville, to develop more low cost housing for former inmates through her program called Nexstep to independence incorporated. Last year Nexstep got a $25,000 dollar grant from Louisville Metro Government to help house felons in the apartments Duncan owned.

Yes it is in the grant agreement that Nexstep won’t let sex offenders in its program.

But according to Kentucky’s sex offender registry, more than three dozen convicted sex offenders live in the apartment buildings which, Duncan says, she owned until October. Many of those sex offenders are still in Duncan’s Nexstep program.

Mayor Abramson’s spokesman Chad Carlton says there were concerns raised at metro hall about the Nexstep program but the metro council added money in the budget. Some of those payments are on hold, as is the $17,500 Nexstep is slated to get this fiscal year.

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Managing the Challenges of Sex Offender Reentry

View the entire PDF document here

February 2007

Introduction
The release of individuals from prisons to communities is a practice that has long been fraught with systemic challenges and one which evokes considerable public concern. As a result, in recent years, prisoner reentry has become the focus of a number of problem-solving initiatives at the national, state, and local levels, and a body of promising research and professional literature to inform reentry efforts has begun to accumulate. Thus far, however, these strategies have primarily targeted general criminal offenders.

Facilitating successful reentry is always a challenging endeavor, but with sex offenders specifically, several unique dynamics and barriers make the transition even more difficult. For example, myths about sex offenders and victims, inflated recidivism rates, claims that sex offender treatment is ineffective, and highly publicized cases involving predatory offenders fuel negative public sentiment and exacerbate concerns by policymakers and the public alike about the return of sex offenders to local communities. Furthermore, the proliferation of legislation that specifically targets the sex offender population – including longer minimum mandatory sentences for certain sex crimes, expanded registration and community notification policies, and the creation of “sex offender free” zones that restrict residency, employment, or travel within prescribed areas in many communities – can inadvertently but significantly hamper reintegration efforts.

This policy and practice brief is designed to inform the efforts of correctional administrators and staff, parole boards and other releasing authorities, community supervision officials, treatment providers, and non-criminal justice partners as they work collaboratively to support the successful transition of sex offenders from prison to the community while ensuring victim and community safety. Consistent with the research and professional literature on effective reentry efforts with general criminal offenders, and drawing upon the available research from the field of sex offender management, this document emphasizes a balanced and rehabilitation-oriented framework for facilitating the transition and reintegration of sex offenders.

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FL - Bureau of Community Relations & Re-Entry - Re-Entry Summit - 2008

View the article here

• June 17-18, 2008 - Press Release
• Summit Presentations: If you need assistance viewing these Microsoft PowerPoint files, please contact us.
  
  • Civil Rights Restoration Process
  • Criminal Thinking
  • Education/Vocation
  • Housing
  • Mental Health and Health Services
  • Mentoring - Nurturing relationships in which both parties are held to a high level of accountability
  • Offender Supervision/Programs
  • Post-Release Employment
  • Substance Abuse
• June 10, 2008 - Restoration of Rights Advisory Council Meeting
• May 16, 2008 - Governor to Address first Restoration of Rights Summit

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DC - Comcast Interview with Paul Quander, Jr.

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Offender Reentry: A Police Perspective

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AK - Church gives sex offender a role in step toward the priesthood

View the article here

01/10/2008

RUSSIAN ORTHODOX: Criticism unwarranted in view of crime's circumstances, chancellor says.

A registered sex offender who served more than a year in prison for sexually abusing minors is wearing robes that signal he has taken a first step toward priesthood in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Terenty Dushkin, 26, was installed as a lay reader of the liturgy last month by Bishop Nikolai, the church's highest-ranking official in Alaska. Church officials say they did so knowingly.

"This is not a scandal in any way," said Chancellor Archimandrite Isidore, the church's No. 2 official here.

"The church believes everyone is redeemable. We don't think people are necessarily damaged goods that have to be locked away."

But Dushkin's investiture appears to violate the Orthodox Church in America's policy on such matters, which states that "no layperson shall commit, attempt to commit, or engage in any act of sexual misconduct."

Alaska church officials knew about Dushkin's past when they "tonsured" him as a reader for St. Innocent Cathedral at a ceremony in early December.

In 2004 -- the year he was charged with 11 sex crimes -- Dushkin was a student at St. Herman's Theological Seminary in Kodiak, which prepares students for Orthodox priesthood.

Dushkin could not be reached for comment.

As a reader, he wears robes that identify him as an official celebrant at church services. That's troublesome, said a California woman who runs a Web site that tracks sex abuse in Orthodox churches.

"He's not going to be hearing confessions or blessing houses, but he is going to be wearing a robe during the services, and that gives him an aura of authority," said Melanie Sakoda, who started www.pokrov.org several years ago in response to allegations of abuse within the church.

"He can come to church, he can go to communion," Sakoda said. "But he doesn't need to be a reader. He doesn't need to go even that far on the path toward clergy."

A reader "is regarded as one of the first steps toward priesthood, the first rank or order of priesthood," said Andrew Jarmus, director of communication for the Orthodox Church in America in Syosset, N.Y.

Jarmus wouldn't comment on Nikolai's choice to tonsure a convicted sex offender.

But Isidore, who said he doesn't think Dushkin has ambitions to become a priest, said readers are like altar boys. They aren't clerics, he said, and they function only under the direction and supervision of a priest.

If anything, Dushkin is under greater supervision as a reader than as a regular member of the church, Isidore said. "It keeps him at the altar."

The tonsuring of a convicted sex offender wrapped up a difficult year for Alaska's Russian Orthodox Church.

Last summer, national church leaders investigated Isidore on charges of inappropriate sexual conduct with a former missionary. The allegations were dismissed.

"I don't see this as a continuation of the regrettable events of this summer," he said of the church's choice to tonsure Dushkin.

In a plea agreement with prosecutors, Dushkin was convicted on two counts of sexual abuse of a minor and one count of exploitation of a minor, a charge that came from a sex tape featuring him and two females, one of them 17 years old. It was filmed with Dushkin's camera and discovered by police at Dushkin's home in Unalaska, according to court documents.

The rest of the original 11 charges were dismissed.

The convictions involve Dushkin having sex on several occasions, from 2002 to 2004, with girls who were 13 and 14 years when the sex started.

"(W)hat may have been a youthful indiscretion on Mr. Dushkin's part has long since been repented," Isidore said in a written statement.

In an interview, Isidore claimed Dushkin's crimes weren't predatory in nature. "From my understanding, it was a situation that could be termed statutory rape -- which albeit is wrong, but very much different than molesting a child, for example."

Isidore said church officials consulted an attorney before tonsuring Dushkin.

He said church officials weren't deterred by the sex scandals that have plagued the Roman Catholic Church recently, some of which unfolded in Alaska, where scores of youths were abused by priests and other church officials.

"The church doesn't operate based on public opinion," Isidore said.

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Bureau of Justice Assistance - Reentry Initiative

View the article here

Reentry Initiative

FY 2007 Prisoner Reentry Initiative Grant Awards

Overview:
The Reentry Initiative is supported by the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Justice Programs (OJP) and its federal partners: the U.S. Departments of Education, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, and Labor. This initiative is a comprehensive effort that addresses both juvenile and adult populations of serious, high-risk offenders. It provides funding to develop, implement, enhance, and evaluate reentry strategies that will ensure the safety of the community and the reduction of serious, violent crime. This is accomplished by preparing targeted offenders to successfully return to their communities after having served a significant period of secure confinement in a state training school, juvenile or adult correctional facility, or other secure institution.

The Reentry Initiative envisions the development of model reentry programs that begin in correctional institutions and continue throughout an offender's transition to and stabilization in the community. These programs provide for individual reentry plans that address issues confronting offenders as they return to the community. The initiative encompasses three phases and is implemented through appropriate programs:

Phase 1-Protect and Prepare: Institution-Based Programs. These programs are designed to prepare offenders to reenter society. Services provided in this phase include education, mental health and substance abuse treatment, job training, mentoring, and full diagnostic and risk assessment.

Phase 2-Control and Restore: Community-Based Transition Programs. These programs work with offenders prior to and immediately following their release from correctional institutions. Services provided in this phase include, as appropriate, education, monitoring, mentoring, life-skills training, assessment, job-skills development, and mental health and substance abuse treatment.

Phase 3-Sustain and Support: Community-Based Long-Term Support Programs. These programs connect individuals who have left the supervision of the justice system with a network of social services agencies and community-based organizations to provide ongoing services and mentoring relationships.

Funding: FY 2008 funding has not yet been determined. FY 2007 funding was approximately $13.7 million.

How To Apply: The FY 2007 solicitation was released on October 25, 2006, and applications were due January 11, 2007. Applicants must apply through Grants.gov.

Reentry projects include:

• Justice Reinvestment
• Gang Member Reentry
• Attorney General's 10 City Comprehensive Anti-Gang Initiative
• President's Prisoner Reentry Initiative
• Housing Partnerships to Enhance Reentry
• The Role of Parole in Reentry
• Reentry of Offenders with Mental Illness
• Issues in Reentry from Jail
• Corrections/Faith- and Community-Based Collaboration

Training/Technical Assistance: The following agencies and organizations provide training and technical assistance that may be of use to those developing reentry programs:
Gang Member Reentry Assistance Project
American Probation and Parole Association
Center for Effective Public Policy
Community Capacity Development Office
Council of State Governments, Justice Center
OJJDP Intensive Aftercare Programs: Juvenile Reintegration and Aftercare Center
OJJDP National Training and Technical Assistance Center
Re-Entry Policy Council
Urban Institute

State Activities and Resources: An online map that provides information—by state—about OJP reentry grantees, state resources and contacts, and other OJP resources.

Reentry Resource Map: An online map that provides information on resources at the federal, state, and local levels.

Related Publications/Information:
Offender Reentry: A Police Perspective and other International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) resources

Building An Offender Reentry Program: A Guide for Law Enforcement

Prisoner Reentry Initiative Training and Technical Assistance Program (Competitive Grant Announcement)
Frequently Asked Questions

Report of the Re-Entry Policy Council

"Short-Term Strategies To Improve Reentry of Jail Populations: Expanding and Implementing the APIC Model" (PDF, from American Jails, January/February 2007)

A list of related publications is available online and updated periodically.

Prisoner Reentry Initiative (FY 2007 Competitive Grant Announcement

FY 2006 Prisoner Reentry Initiative Awards

Prisoner Reentry Initiative (FY 2006 Competitive Grant Announcement)

FY 2004 awards
Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (FY 2004 Supplemental Funding Application)

FY 2002 Reentry Grantees

Related Links:
Reentry Initiative web site
Reentry Policy Council Information Center
Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) Multi-site Evaluation web site

Contact Information:
Thurston Bryant, Policy Advisor
Bureau of Justice Assistance
810 Seventh Street NW.
Washington, DC 20531
202-514-8082
Fax: 202-307-0036
E-mail: thurston.bryant@usdoj.gov

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